Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and...

Principles of safeguarding and protection in Health and Social Care Unit 204 Level 2 NDAQ number A/601/8574 101 Know how to recognise signs of abuse Definition of physical abuse Physical abuse is non-accidental pain or injury inflicted on a service user by a health or care worker. This can include hitting, shaking, rough treatment or inappropriate use of restraint. Definition of Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse usually refers to any sexual activity that is unwanted and is inflicted by physical force or other methods of coercion such as threats or intimidation. Definition of Emotional/Psychological Abuse This refers to the psychological or emotional exploitation of the relationship between a care worker/person and a service†¦show more content†¦uctance to undress or uncover parts of the body 1.2 Signs and Symptoms of Sexual Abuse * Person discloses, either fully or partially, that sexual abuses occurring or has occurred in the past * Person has urinary tract infections, vaginal infections orsexually transmitted diseases that are not otherwise explained * Person appears unusually subdued, withdrawn or has poor concentration * Person exhibits significant change in sexual behaviour or outlook * Person experiences pain, itching or bleeding in genital/anal area * Persons underclothing is torn, stained or bloody * A woman who lacks the mental capacity to consent to sexual intercourse becomes pregnant * A person found having any sexual activity with a person with severe mental incapacity * Images of sexual abuse on the internet Signs and Symptoms of Emotional/Psychological Abuse * Untypical ambivalence, deference, resignation, becoming passive * Person appears anxious or withdrawn, especially in the presence of the alleged perpetrator * Person exhibits low self esteem * Person rejects their own cultural background and/ or racial origin * Untypical changes in behaviour, for example, continence problems, sleep disturbance, depression or fear * Person is not allowed visitors or phone calls * Person locked in a room/in their home * Person is denied access to aids or equipment, for example, glasses, hearing aid, crutches * Persons access to personalShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of safeguarding and protection in health and social care1623 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care 1.1 Define the following types of abuse: Physical abuse Physical abuse is any non accidental act of violence or rough treatment that causes physical injury, pain or discomfort. Examples of physical abuse include: Beating - e.g. Punching, pinching, shoving, striking with hand or other instrument Burning and scalding Rough handling or physical coercion Stabbing Tripping Spitting Restraining to furniture The misuse of physicalRead MorePrinciples of safeguarding and protection in health and social care1593 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care Level 2 Unit Ref A/601/8574 Unit Credit Value 3 1. Know how to recognise signs of abuse 1.1 Define the following types of abuse: Physical Sexual Emotional/psychological Financial Institutional Self neglect Neglect by other Physical abuse is an act of another party involving contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm. Sexual abuse is sexual activityRead MorePrinciples of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care3322 Words   |  14 PagesHSC024 Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care ALL OUTCOMES IN RED ARE OBSERVATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT BY YOUR ASSESSOR. THE INFORMATION GIVEN INDICATES THE TYPES OF THINGS YOUR ASSESSOR WILL BE LOOKING FOR Know how to recognise signs of abuse OUTCOME 1 1. Define the following types of abuse 2. Identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with each type of abuse. Physical abuse - Punching, Kicking Scratching, Slapping, Biting, Scalding, Pulling hairRead MorePrinciples Of Safeguarding And Protection In Health And Social Care1919 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care Know how to recognise signs of abuse Physical abuse - This is use of physical force that can result in injury. This could be due to being slapped, punched, kicked, scratched, biting, and strangling. Sexual abuse – This is unwanted sexual activity that is forced upon a person without their consent, this includes rape, making them watch pornography, pestering them by making sexual suggestions or comments, or they were pressuredRead Moreprinciples of safeguarding and protection in health and social care2068 Words   |  9 PagesAssignment composition Assignment overview In this assessment you will explore aspects of employment law, your role and responsibilities in respect of employment practices and present an issue of public concern that has occurred within either the health, social care or childrens and young peoples sector. Additionally, you will create a career plan which reflects on your continuing professional development and related learning and possible future qualification opportunities. Tasks There are four tasks toRead MorePrinciples of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Settings1505 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 5: Principles of safeguarding a nd protectionin health and social care settings 1.1 1.2 Physical abuse is a deliberate use of physical force that results in bodily injury pain or impairments. Sgns of physical abuse can be burns and scalds, marks on the skin consistent with being slapped, scratched, bitten or pinched.Sexual abuse is direct or indirect involvementin sexual activity without valid consent. Signs of sexual abuse could be sexual transmitted disease,unexplained crying and distressRead MoreHSC024 PRINCIPLES OF SAFEGUARDING AND PROTECTION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE4024 Words   |  17 PagesHSC024 PRINCIPLES OF SAFEGUARDING AND PROTECTION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE OUTCOME 1 1.1 Define the following types of abuse -Physical abuse - Is an act of another party involving contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain, injury or other physical suffering or bodily harm. -Sexual abuse - A statutory offence that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in unwanted sexual act by force or threat. -Emotional/psychological abuse - Emotional or psychologicalRead MoreAssignment 204 Principles Of Safeguarding And Protection In Health And Social Care1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Joanne clark Norfolk house Assignment 204 Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care 204 Task A Booklet Create a booklet about safeguarding, which can be used as a reminder for people who work in the care profession. The booklet must: Ai Describe in your own words what is meant by the following types of abuse: †¢ Physical abuse Physical abuse is the use of physical force that may result in bodily injury,physical pain or impairment.physical abuse may include but is notRead MoreUnit 204 Principles Of Safeguarding And Protection In Health And Social Care1693 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Unit 204 Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care Outcome 1 Know how to recognise signs of abuse 1.1) Definition of different types of abuse are: Physical abuse - hitting, slapping, pushing, pinching, kicking and burning. Sexual abuse - rape or sexual assault, indecent exposure, penetration and sexual harassment. Emotional/psychological abuse - bullying, shouting, swearing, controlling and ignoring. Financial abuse - theft, fraud and pressure in connection with wills,Read MoreUnit 5 Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care2796 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care, Unit 5. There are many forms of abuse but are usually classified under five main headings, physical, sexual, psychological, financial and institutional. Signs of possible abuse can come in physical forms, such as bruises, cuts, burn marks, etc; emotional signs like flinching, crying and any other changes in the normal behaviour of the client. Although these are signs of abuse it is in no way conclusive evidence of such. Warning

Film Editing and William Bell Free Essays

Crabbe by William Bell ENG4C For:Mr. Hawkins Due: Monday December 17th 2012 I was very surprised when I began to read the novel Crabbe by William Bell, the theme of the book was very clear and delivered a distinct message. We cannot run away from our problems, we cannot run nor hide, for our dreams, mistakes and daily lives will always find a way to catch up to us. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Editing and William Bell or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was rather shocking to me how much I could relate to the novel, I once had the same mind set as the protagonist†¦ I was unhappy with whom I was, and began to believe that it was the fault of everyone around me. Throughout this summative task, I will deliver a plot summary about the novel itself, I will reflect on what I have learned after reading Crabbe and finally I will relate the novel to a personal experience. Franklin Crabbe, an eight-teen year old boy lived the life everyone dreamed of, he was raised in a very wealthy household, his father being a lawyer offered to provide him with everything he needed to progress in life as a successful young man. Franklin was intelligent, with a mind like no other. However, every family has their secrets. Franklin developed a drinking problem; he drank Silent Sam, a Vodka baring no scent to it. Franklin seemed to be a bright young man; he was supposed to attend University to become a lawyer just like his father. Throughout the years Franklin’s parents refused to allow him to make his own decisions. They chose his courses, they planned his future and they determined his career path for him. Franklin began to feel like he was useless, like his life had no meaning, due to the pressure he was put in by his family and those around him Franklin decided to escape the stresses of his everyday life, he decided to run away from home, to the woods and never look back. He wanted to be just like everyone else, he wanted to make his own decisions, he chose to run away to prove to everyone he was capable of living on his own. Upon running away, Franklin encounters numerous challenges and adventures, which shaped the way he viewed life. Unfortunately Franklin got attacked by a bear, causing him to fall down a waterfall, luckily for him a woman named Mary saved him from drowning. Mary, a married University student is also traveling through the woods, running away from her problems. Due to the injuries Franklin received, he spent the next few weeks in Mary’s care. She taught him the basics to being one with nature, she taught him how to use a compass, read a map and most importantly how to hunt. Throughout the weeks of being together, Mary taught Franklin how to successfully live on his own. With winter just around the corner, Mary and Franklin decide to part and go their separate ways. Franklin became very confused in the matter; throughout the weeks of being with Mary he developed an endless love for her. Trying to find out more about Mary’s past and why she decided to run to the woods, he started reading her journals, journals which he promised never to open. While reading, Franklin discovers that Mary murdered her husband and has a warrant for her arrest. Scared, he finds his way out of the forest. An ongoing vehicle stopped and picked up Franklin, when the driver noticed how badly Franklin’s fingers were frozen he rushed him to the clinic as soon as possible. At the clinic Franklin finds out the doctors must amputate his fingers; otherwise his whole hand might become infected. When he was admitted into the clinic, Franklin Crabbe refused to give the doctors his real name, after the long days that followed he gave in and proclaimed his identity; the doctors immediately contacted his parents. Franklin was devastated to see how much pain he brought to his family, eventually he broke down and explained to his parents why he felt like running away, he admitted to being unhappy and feeling useless. Sympathetic, his parents brought him home and they avoided any further talk about the woods. The emotional novel, Crabbe by William Bell taught me to always face my problems face on. It showed me that hiding from my fears is never the right option. In life we are constantly faced with obstacles that make us feel hopeless, where we feel like we don’t have anybody and we bottle up our emotions inside, thinking that they will dissolve. There are many times you feel alone, with no one to turn to causing us to feel empty and alone. The novel taught me to never give up on myself, when facing a problem it is best to do it with someone by your side, a family member or a friend. When life throws challenges your way, it is best to tackle them as they come instead of letting them pile up. Reading this novel I learned that there is always a better day, things will always be okay if you have faith in yourself. While reading a novel I began having flash backs to multiple challenges I faced, although not as extreme as those Franklin experienced, one stuck out to me. Earlier this year a very close friend and I got into a dispute. Neither of us knew the reason we were arguing but instead of talking and resolving our issues as friends we decided to run away from the conflict and not speak to each other. We have spent months avoiding each other, afraid of saying how we truly felt. After months of turning the other way when encountering each other in the halls I knew that we had been running away from our problems for too long. I didn’t know how to properly deal with the situation so I just stopped, I stopped avoiding him and I never tried to speak to him. The problem between us isn’t resolved, but after reading this novel, I might just give it another try and face my fears. William Bell is truly an exceptional writer; we tore at my heart strings and made me relate the novel Crabbe to my own life. While reading the novel, I was able to learn a lot when it comes to facing my problems. As I have reached the end of my summative, I really hope I was able to do the book some justice. When I began this process, I did not know where to start, but once I got into it the words just began to flow perfectly. The plot of the story taught me many valuable lessons, lessons that I will consider when encountering problems later on in life. How to cite Film Editing and William Bell, Papers

Leader interview free essay sample

Introduction â€Å"The servant-leader is servant first†¦ It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first† (Greenleaf, 1977, p. 27). For the servant-leader, the needs of others will be the primary driver rather than meeting the needs of the individual themselves. In this paper, incorporating a leader interview, the student will highlight the interviewee’s responses to servant-leadership concepts and their impressions and experiences as a servant-leader. Background The interviewee that was chosen for this paper was Kathy Krueger, high school counselor for the student’s son at Seattle Preparatory School. Seattle Preparatory is a Catholic, Jesuit high school for grades 9-12 with an enrollment of 700 students. Their mission statement is to â€Å"form discerning, transformational leaders who are intellectually competent, spiritually alive, open to growth, loving and committed to justice† (Seattle Preparatory Mission Statement, â€Å"n.d.†). Ms. Krueger has been at Seattle Preparatory since 1970. She was first hired as a part-time teacher, providing instruction for Collegio (combined English, history, and theology class) and part-time counselor. Her current role has been to work with junior and senior students with a focus in college counseling. Prior to coming to Seattle Preparatory, Ms. Krueger began her teaching career in 1969 as a member of the Sisters of Holy Names Order. She left the convent in 1970 and taught at St. Aloysius Grade School in Spokane. In 1976, upon moving to Seattle, she began her high school teaching career. On Wednesday November 6, an in person interview was conducted with Ms. Krueger at Seattle Preparatory school. The interview was conducted over approximately one hour in length and consisted of fifteen questions. ( Appendix A) Discussion â€Å"The natural servant, the person who is servant-first, is more likely to persevere and refine a particular hypothesis on what serves another’s highest priority needs than is the person who is leader-first and who later serves out of promptings of conscience or in conformity with normative expectations† (Greenleaf, 1977, p. 28). Prior to the interview beginning, servant leadership was reviewed with Ms. Krueger. A servant leader buts an emphasis on others first and serving them; leading is secondary. Those who want to be leaders first will most often be catering to their own egos and seeking power. Servant leadership cannot be something one turns on and off based on the situation, it has to be part of the person; it will be what you breathe day in and day through actions and words. â€Å"Servant leadership is more than a mere concept, a style, or a theory of leadership, but rather a distinct perspective, a philosophy, an emergent world view- a way of being in the world† (Horsman, 2013, p.4 ). The foundation of servant-leadership started through role modeling by her parents. K. Krueger (personal communication, November 6, 2013) â€Å"Each of us felt unconditional love They imparted a lot of values, especially that we need to give back in service† (Appendix A). Ms. Krueger was interested in both service and education as a career. Two of her brothers entered the Jesuit order and she made the decision to enter the Holy Names Sisters’. After six years in the convent, one year before final vows, Ms. Krueger made the decision to leave the convent and continue to serve as a layperson. At that time in the Church, the understanding of lay ministry was beginning to form and not just members of the religious orders could be called for service but all people could be call to serve. K. Krueger (personal communication, November 6, 2013) â€Å"As a lay person, I am a companion with the Jesuits in their mission to teach young people to be loving, open to growth, intellectually competent, spiritually alive, loving, and committed to justice† (Appendix A). â€Å"Servant –leading is more than a style, it is a philosophy-a way of being- a world view which may utilize different leadership styles-styles that are considered appropriate to the situation and the environment that may be applied with servant-first approach† (Horsman, 2013, p. 10). Ms. Krueger encompasses this in her day-to-day role as a school counselor and servant-leader. When asked to provide an example of how other leaders serve, K. Krueger’s response (personal communication November 6, 2013) was  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Good servant leaders bring out the best in people. They encourage a person’s growth. They have a deep sense of respect for each individual. Teachers who experience a servant leader believing in them want to buy in to the mission of the school and are far more productive and help create a healthy school† (Appendix A). When you have a strong community within the workplace it builds camaraderie among the employees and staff members. In a happier workplace, staff will be more willing to help each out and cooperate so each other succeeds. â€Å"Servant leadership is focused on the development of the person and the organization for the purpose of creating a more serving, caring society† (Horsman, 2013, p. 10). As a high school counselor that focuses on junior and senior students readying them for college or the next step after high school, Ms. Krueger plays a pivotal role in these student’s lives in setting them up for the next stop in life’s journey. Horsman (2013) contends stewardship from the servant leadership perspective includes role modeling for others and ensuring continuous development of their people which includes promoting of other servant leaders. As a high school counselor, Ms. Krueger role models servant leadership for her students. As a servant-leader, she wants to ensure the continuous developments and growth of others. K. Krueger (personal communication, November 6, 2013) â€Å"At Seattle Prep, we are encouraged to facilitate learning rather than the top down model of teacher and student† (Appendix A). In the model of teaching at Seattle Preparatory School, the pyramid has been flipped so that student and teacher work together collaboratively rather than the teacher on top driving the information to the student. In secondary education at Seattle Preparatory school, lay teachers and counselors are companions in the ministry of the Jesuits. Servant leadership has been integrated into the class room through the Ignatian pedagogy (Seattle Preparatory Magis Christian Service, â€Å"n.d.†). K. Krueger (personal communication, November 6, 2013) â€Å"This process includes context, experience, reflection, action, and evaluation† (Appendix A). As a high school counselor focusing on college counseling, Ms. Krueger assists her students with finding the needed resources while, providing them with encouragement for the college application process. She sets expectations with the students so that they know what they are accountable for. Ms. Krueger is entrusted with the resources of Seattle Preparatory school to  optimally support the students in their successful journey to higher education, such as Naviance, a college application tracking program, and time for regular check ins with the students Ms. Krueger has been an integral role in a student’s life at Seattle Preparatory School. She derives her power by empowering her students and co-workers. K. Krueger (personal communication, November 6, 2013) â€Å"In the Jesuit model power resides in indifference. Real power is when we have openness to looking at a variety of viewpoints and solutions.† (Appendix A), As a servant leader, being able to step back and look at the whole systems view and how things are interconnected and relate to the whole versus a single microcosm. This provides the ability to see various perspectives versus only silos. Ms. Krueger welcomes input from parents, students, and staff to continually improve communication processes within the school and streamlining of the college application experience from all viewpoints. Ms. Krueger’s does her work not for the glory or the power but for the love it brings in serving the students’ each and every day. The student’s rely on Ms. Krueger’s humble, guiding hand to keep them on their path. Similar to Leo who left his group, in the The Journey to the East, if she were to leave Seattle Preparatory School the realization would be made â€Å"†¦that the more certain his loss became, the more indispensable, he seemed† (Hesse, 1956, p. 39). Just like Leo, Ms. Krueger is a servant first; this is who she is and who she has been within herself. Conclusion As Greenleaf writes â€Å"servant-leaders differ from other persons of goodwill because they act on what they believe† (Greenleaf, 1977, p. 341). For Ms. Krueger, this began with a strong foundation of values and the importance of service first role modeled by her parents, with her mother first as a nurse spending many years working in the House of Charity in ministering to homeless men. Her parents demonstrated the importance of putting the needs of others before one’s self. As a lay teacher, counselor, and companion to the Jesuits, she continues this philosophy of servant-leadership with each relationship she has with students and staff at Seattle Preparatory School. Servant-leaders as in Ms. Krueger’s case may be in our presence every day, doing for others with the knowledge they are making a difference in each life they touch. Serving first needs to become our way of being, our natural  way to act. In practicing service first, we will foster relationships of trust, helping people, and developing cooperation among others. Our most important resource will be our people, as a servant leader in training it builds a strong community in our workplace, which leads to happier staff and stronger relationships among team members. As a leader it is less about directing and leading but more about supporting, empowering, and growing others. In the course of this assignment and interviewing Ms. Kruger, it created a moment to pause and be humble by those around us that are the unsung heroes that touch our lives every day without the appreciation of the impact it has on us. People like Ms. Kruger provide a shelter of hope and knowing she continues to influence the lives of others has been an inspiration. â€Å"Servant leadership is about You and I becoming fully human individually and collectively; in the fullest sense this means that the fruits of serving is the enhancement of the collective WE† (Horsman, 2013, p. 21).

Occupation Of Japan Essays - Empire Of Japan, Strategic Management

Occupation of Japan The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me food, or send me bullets." American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the J apanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional r eform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constituti on and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so." People started to call him " Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured

Pre Civil War essays

Pre Civil War essays Slavery was the dominating reality of all southern life from about 1840-1860. Social and economical aspects of Southern life can validate this generalization. Socially, the elite people who owned large farms for planting the cash crop relied on slave labor, which caused them to obtain more slaves. Economically, southerners profited from the slaves because of their slave labor, which produced Cotton, as the worlds leading export. One of the deciding factors of social class was the number of slaves a landowner possessed. The social group of the planters consisted of the upper class that owned 50 or more slaves. They became a class to which all others paid deference, and they dominated the political and social life of their region.(APUSH 65). The elite possessed more slaves than any other class thus they assumed superiority over the blacks. Furthermore there were the yeoman farmers who were the independent whites of the middle-class-they owned 1-2 slaves. Finally there were also the poor white trash, the lower class that had no slaves at all in-fact they lived in squalor worse than the slaves (APUSH 65). Since the purchase of slaves made all jobs requiring manual labor scarce, the poor became even poorer due to the absence of jobs. Hence as the necessary relationship of this plantation expanded, the Peculiar Institution of black slavery fastened itself upon the Southern people, even as it isolated them from t he rest of the world. (APUSH 65). The southern economy was a slave based cash crop agriculture that was dependent on the exportation of cotton. Also the whole U.S. was dependent on cotton because the south produced more than half of the entire world s supply of cotton" (Bailey 360) because of the slaves. Even the British relied on the south for cotton. Therefore in 1840 the exportation of cotton alone earned the US $75million and in 1860 the amount raised to $19...

May 2008 Most Popular Articles

May 2008 Most Popular Articles May 2008 Most Popular Articles May 2008 Most Popular Articles By Daniel Scocco Below you will find the most popular articles over the past month. Check them out if you missed any. 44 Resume Writing Tips: Having a solid and effective resume can greatly improve your chances of landing that dream job. That is beyond discussion. How does one make sure that his resume is top notch and bullet proof, however? Cna Yuo Raed Tihs?: Today while opening my email I came across a very interesting message from a friend. It was basically a message where the letters of each word were all scrambled. The Vicissitudes of the Latin Plural in English: he dictionary says the word data can be treated as a singular. But strictly speaking the word is a plural. How does such a thing happen in language? You wouldn’t say, â€Å"the cars is fast†. How does a plural gain acceptance as a singular? Creative Writing 101: Creative writing is anything where the purpose is to express thoughts, feelings and emotions rather than to simply convey information. A While vs Awhile: Here’s a couple of words I use all the time interchangeably. But are they? a while vs. awhile Help me out, o oracle! What’s a Male Mistress?: The other day someone asked me for the male equivalent of â€Å"mistress.† An Englishman in New York The Problem Of UK-US English in Freelance Writing: Some people see the differences between American English and British English as a problem. I see them as an interesting challenge. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?How to Punctuate with â€Å"However†Personification vs. Anthropomorphism

Draft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Draft - Essay Example Consequently, this brought an understanding that the values and beliefs are connected to cultural practices, traditions and rituals that chances their way of life (Nel, 2012). The summary also elaborated on the issues related to the differentiation of the cultural practices, customs and traditions. It also elaborates on the inherent patterns of behaviors that are transmitted from one generation to another. The term custom is defined in the article as a practice, which regulates the social life of certain group in the society, while rituals are defined as forms of cultural practices or ceremonies making a certain change in the society. Moreover, the article indicated that the Africa societies are linked to the cultural practices, traditions and customary issues. Moreover, the article explained these rituals involve various physical markings on the body such as circumcisions or body scarification (Tiley-Nel, 2012). In this case, these rituals are different based on the ethnic groups, whereby the ritual practices are symbols of maturity stage. In conclusion, the paper covers a summary of two articles covered in class, which include â€Å"Ndebele culture, traditions and rituals† by Tiley-Nel and Initiation cycles of traditional South African cultures by Nel, J. The articles cover a reflection of cultural, tradition and ritual practices in African society. The articles share ideas related to the practices among African society, which are practices in a contemporary society in the process of depicting the transition of the boys and girls to the adult hood. Therefore, this paper has focus on identifying the main points that are in these

European single currency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

European single currency - Essay Example The idea of a European common currency had been in the drawing board since 1993, but the Euro as EU’s common currency went into circulation in 1999 and was considered as a major step towards European integration. The ratification of the Maastricht treaty in November of 1993 was responsible for the creation of the European Monetary Union or EMU and adopted the Euro as their common currency (European commission, n.d.). When the Euro was introduced into EMU on January 1, 1999, it became the new official currency of the 15 member countries thereby replacing their old national currencies like Deutschmark of Germany and Franc of France. The Euro was introduced first as a virtual currency for payments not requiring hard cash and for purposes of accounting. The old national currencies of member countries were used for cash payments and is considered as sub-units of euro. The European commission revealed that the real euro currency in bank notes and coins appeared in January 2002. The European commission reported that the primary responsibility of the EMU is to ensure the price stability of goods and services in all the member countries by maintaining an annual inflation rate of less than 2%.The European commission added that although Denmark and United Kingdom are members of the European Union, Euro is not their currency as they agreed on the ‘opt-out’ clause of the Maastricht treaty thereby exempting them from participation ... market. The European commission reported that the economic as well as monetary integration of the EU simulates the history of the Union. In 1957, when the EU was founded, they concentrated on establishing a common market. In the course of time, it was felt that closer cooperation related to economic and monetary matters were needed for the common market to progress and flourish further. The European commission revealed that when the euro was adapted as the single currency of the EU, the monetary policy is being managed by the European Central Bank (ECB) which was established for that sole purpose, and the corresponding central banks of the member countries. Together, they formed the Eurosystem Fiscal Policy on tax and spending and remain as responsibility of individual member countries. They adhere to follow the agreed procedures on public finances accounting known as Stability and Growth Pack. The member countries also retain their responsibility for creating their own structural policies related to labour, capital markets as well as pensions. They however agree to coordinate them with ECB to ensure higher chances of achieving goals related to stability, employment and growth. Having adopted a single European currency has many benefits and these were the motivations for the creation of the Euro. An Economics teacher form Oxford University named Tejvan R.Pettinger (2008) enumerated the benefits that can be derived from having only one European currency system. They are as follows: Reduced transaction Costs 1. There will be no more cost involved in currency exchanges; this will benefit tourists and firms trading in the Euro area

Service Area Analysis for Beaumont Essay Example for Free

Service Area Analysis for Beaumont Essay Beaumont Health System is a three-hospital regional health system with more than 1,725 beds with additional facilities that include nursing homes, home healthcare agency, research institute, primary and specialty care clinics, rehabilitation, cardiology, and cancer centers. offers a wide-range of services and programs to our adult and pediatric patients which includes Ninety-one medical and surgical specialties are represented on the Beaumont medical staff of more than 3,700 Michigan physicians with numerous community based medical centers throughout Detroit, Oakland, Macomb, and Wayne counties. The service area for Beaumont Hospital is Oakland County which consists of cities, villages, and townships with a population of 1,202,362 people. Approximately 30% of Oakland Countys 483,698 households have children aged 18 years old or younger. Beaumont is the exclusive clinical teaching site for the Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine. The system draws on a rich history of pioneering medical research to serve the health needs of southeastern Michigan and advance healing techniques nationwide. Education Level and Income Level The level of education of Oakland County as become a more educated county. 17.6 percent of the Oakland population in the year 2010 is a graduate of a professional degree. 24.6 percentage of people in Oakland county have a Bachelors Degree. 7.4 percent have an associates degree, and 21.3 percent have had some college but have no degree. Only 7.8 percent did not graduate high school. Which this number had decreased by 3 percent. While the number of people who have graduated with a professional degree or a bachelors degree have increased from 2000- 2010 by 4 percent. This census is from the population of people 25 and up. The median income for a household in the county was $61,907, and the median income for a family was $75,540 (these figures had risen to $62,308 and $79,589 respectively as of a 2009 estimate[8]). Males had a median income of $55,833 versus $35,890 for females. The per capita income for the county was $32,534. About 3.80% of families and 5.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.50% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over. In the year 2000 the census for households with seniors was 96,585 in the year 2010 census the number of households with seniors was 116,768. that is a percentage change of 20.9 percent. The number of households with seniors who live alone age 65 and up in 2000 was 39,910, and in 2010 the number of households 65 and older living alone is 47,290 which is a percentage change of 18.5 percent. Those two categories are the largest changing over the 10 year span out of all other age groups. To be more specific of age and the change of population from the year 2000 census through the 2010 census. According to the SEMCOG projections for the year 2040 the majority increase in population is almost strictly people the age 65 and up. Disadvantages for Beaumont: Competition from urgent care centers. Faster wait times than the hospitals along with less costly medical bills Recruitment, continued training, and retention of talented healthcare professionals.it will be important to always make sure their employees are happy and taken care of because it is easier for certain professionals to move on to somewhere else Advantages for Beaumont: They are well known and trusted throughout the community offering a variety of services for all age groups. They keep up on technology, new information, new techniques in the health field to help give better quality of care. Possible merger with Henry Ford for financial stability during the healthcare reform Top Competitors for Beaumont Health System Competitors | Detroit Medical Center | Henry Ford Health System | University of Michigan Health System | Huron Valley-Sinai Hospital St. Joseph Hospital Crittenton Hospital Summary A majority of the people in Oakland County have a median age of 40.2 but according to SEMCOG this median should increase due to the increased population of people 65 and up. The people are primarily educated therefore capable of making good sensible quality decisions. The Target market would be a population of 65 and older.

Images of Blood in Faulkners Light in August Essays -- Faulkner Light

Images of Blood in Faulkner's Light in August      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Blood" is considered by many to be one of the most important ties between human beings; it is therefore frequently used as an image that defines a character or a relationship between characters in a novel. For example, a prince might be defined by his "royal blood," or a weak man described as having "thin blood." Close friends may be "blood brothers," or families may have a "blood feud." In William Faulkner's Light in August, the image of blood permeates the themes of sexuality, race, and religion. Blood is common to all of these themes: it is evident in reproductive cycles and births, it is a medium for the genetic passage of race from one generation to the next, and it serves as a symbol of life or death in many religions. Faulkner centers these powerful images of blood around Joe Christmas, the main character, whose blood, as a force giving him the will to live, is strong despite his sins. Christmas associates physical blood with his impressions of women, defines races and genders by the smell of their blood, and is guilty and damned because of the darkness in his "black blood." Christmas's view of the world and of issues Faulkner intimately relates to him, in particular sexuality, race, and religion, is tinted by the images of blood revolving around him.    Blood is one of the most important elements in Christmas's view of sexuality. He has a twisted perception of women and his sexual role due to his traumatic first exposure to sexuality at the age of five, in which he perceived the sex act as violent and disgusting. Christmas overheard a sexual ... ...ng him lifeless both physically and spiritually, though his influence lasts beyond his years. Christmas's "mixed" blood and mixed ethnicity provide imagery for the themes of race and religion; his conception of himself and the world is strongly impacted by his confusion over these two issues. His ideals are further affected by the connections he draws between blood and sexuality: he views blood as an inherent part of femininity, and he sees sex as a violent struggle for dominance. Whether it is a definition of race, a definition of sin or godliness, or a definition of the essence of females, the image of blood influences Christmas's perception of the world around him.    Works Cited Faulkner, William. Light in August. 1932. Notes Joseph Blotner, Editor's note Noel Polk. New York: Vintage Books, 1990

Vygotsky and Paigets Perspective of Learning

The theorists, Piaget and Vygotsky both had views on the significance of learning and the role of play, which they considered being a crucial part of a child’s development. Although they had similar views, they differed in terms of what children do when they play (Drewery & Bird, 2004). This essay supports learning opportunities and examples of children’s play through experience, events and interactions with people, places and things. Piaget explained the importance of learning through play, in which children explored and experimented for themselves with minimal adult interactions. He considered development went through four stages: sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational and the formal operational stage. (Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 2004). The sensori-motor period (0-2 years) is the 1st stage, as the infant’s interactions are based on exploring their environment through their senses and abilities to practice schemas, such as grasping and sucking, this also included practice play as the infant is able to repeat actions continuously but with no intention. This stage follows on to the pre-operational stage (2-7) where children’s language is developing rapidly, allowing them to express themselves. They are starting to use pretend play and parallel play which means children are talking but it is not directed to others. This also means that they only see the world in their terms, they are egocentric (Drewery and Bird, 2004). The concrete operation (7-11) and the formal operational (11-adult) periods are the third and fourth stages. These are not considered in early childhood education but are still important as they can think realistically and logically about situations and understand their world (Pulaski, 1980). However, Vygotsky argued differently. He proposed that children are social learners and like to explore and discover new things with the help of adults and peers. This was scaffolding and the zone of proximal development (ZPD). He also considered culture surroundings, language and thinking (Whitebread, 2003 cited in Beaumont, 2002). He thought children could perform better with others than on their own. This is shown through the ZPD, the difference between what children can do alone and with help. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed there were things that children couldn’t understand. However, Vygotsky believed that given proper help children could perform what Piaget would consider, not possible. Scaffolding however, meant that in order for a child to learn, a more competent adult or peer can help support and guide the child’s learning through the ZPD until the child is able to do the task alone which helps the child use private speech, a way of understanding is to talk to themselves and also to reason, problem solve, extend memory and imagination skills (Woolfolk, 2004 cited by Educational Psychology, n. d. ). Vygotsky considered cultural surroundings, language and thinking to be important. He said for children to learn, they need to interact through communication with others. This was explained through cultural influences and what was important within each setting. Language is part of culture, which is the key to communication about customs and knowledge of people. Through cultural tools, such as books and television, we could help extend children’s communication skills with others in their environment (Tauranga Regional Free Kindergarten Association, 2003). These theorists can support learning opportunities within Aotearoa through experiences, events, and interactions with people, places and things. For Piaget however, his first two stages are only considered in early childhood education (Nuttall, 2003). Piaget considers that children learn best when their left to discover their world by themselves through hands-on involvement but adults need to provide stimulating activities within their environment (Hedges, 2003). The Aotearoa context gives children the independence to experience and learn about what they enjoy on their own through experiences, events and interactions, with little supervision. It also encourages them to explore and develop knowledge and skills at their own pace. Ministry of Education (1998) states that, ‘Educators should enhance children’s learning and development through extending children’s thinking and actions through sensitive and informed guidance, interventions and support (p. 19). Piaget’s practice play and pretend play are supported in Aotearoa. These are concepts used to explain the child’s use of creativity and spontaneous play which provides great interactions with people, places and things. Each child brings experiences from their own environment which builds knowledge and skills amongst children but this can be slightly difficult, as children naturally parallel play (Drewery & Bird, 2004). A way to enhance their interests could be a dress-up day. The Ministry of Education (1996) explains that ‘Children experience an environment where their play is valued as meaningful learning and the importance of spontaneous play is recognised’ (p. 84) Vygotsky’s theory is well acknowledged in Aotearoa. He believed that children learn best through social environments which lead to powerful and competent learners. Children learn better through the ZPD with the support of an adult or peer. This provides the use of private speech for the child, which creates better understanding and extends skills such as problem solving and imagination (Connor & Diggins, 2002). According to Royal Tangaere’s theory of learning, some of Vygotsky’s ideas related to hers. She believed in the Tuakana/Teina concept which was related to the ZPD and scaffolding. The Tuakana (older sibling) contributes to the Teina’s (younger sibling) learning and vise versa. This provides both siblings the responsibility of ako (learning as well as teaching (Te Whaiki, McCarthy & Durie, 1997). Secondly, Vygotsky believed that each child brings with them, their own cultural experiences from their environment as a way of communicating. As a multi-cultural nation, it is important to consider each child’s culture; therefore part of culture is language and the values and beliefs that influence them. As teachers we are encouraged to be aware of other cultures. When we learn about the culture of children we are able to understand and help them learn and experience more about culture through communication such as books or music (Tauranga Regional Free Kindergarten, 2003). We could also organize cultural outings to Museum’s which is a great place for learning. As Ministry of Education (1996) states, ‘Children experience an environment where there are equitable opportunities for learning, irrespective of gender, ability, age, ethnicity, or background (p. 66). Examples of these theories are shown throughout children’s play. Piaget’s idea of the sensori-motor stage and the pre-opertional stage can be put into practice as follows: Infant: A is lying down on her stomach, where toys are placed in front of her. She picks up a soft ball, looks at it then puts it in her mouth, drops it then picks up a rattle and turns on to her back. She lifts it up and shakes and listens to the noise. She then puts it in her mouth then continues the enjoyment of shaking the rattle. Toddler: The wiggles come on and children start dancing, B gets up and begins to dance. As he listens to the sounds of a car, he pretends to drive going, ‘Brum brum! , and then drives around the room saying, ‘I’m driving my car! ’ Young Child: A is in the sandpit with children surrounding her. She picks up a frying pan and pretends to make a cake with sand. A then picks up a spoon and pretends to mix the cake, then places it down saying, â€Å"Cook for 2 minutes† using her fingers to count. She pulls it out straight after and says, â€Å"Mmm, smells good! That will be for me and mummy†. Vygotsky’s views can be shown in practice through an infant as: M is learning to walk, he can stand up while holding onto the couch, he wants to let go, but does not have the balance or coordination. A teacher comes over and M reaches out his hands, gesturing that he needs help. She takes his hands and walks with him saying, â€Å"Good boy, you’re doing so well! † She then lets go to see if he can stand on his own, he stands for a few seconds then falls. He crawls back to the couch, stands up and gestures to the teacher to help. She stands three feet away, puts out her hands and says, â€Å"Try again†. He takes a few steps then falls again. Toddler: L wants to climb up the plank. The teacher recognises that he is not confident enough on his own. She takes his hand nd helps him, he turns around and repeats this a few times, the teacher lets go of his hand half way up, he stops and says, â€Å"Help! † Teacher says, â€Å"You can do it, have a go, I’ll stay with you†. Looking unsure, he has a go while the teacher encourages him. In being successful, L is overjoyed, and the teacher supports the accomplishment. Young Child: H is learning literacy, he seems to be frustrated and is struggling. The teacher approaches him, and asks if he wants help. H replies, â€Å"Yeah, I can’t do it†. Firstly, the teacher writes his name at the top and says, ‘H, copy over your name with a pen†. â€Å"Yep†, H says. In doing so, the teacher encourages him and supports his learning. The teacher helps H do his literacy activity until he is able to do it himself. He shows her when he is finished then she gets him to put a smiley face on the page, to show what a great job he did. There are many more theories that could be acknowledged throughout this discussion but Piaget and Vygotsky will always provide teachers with a solid understanding of how children learn and the role of play which provides great learning opportunities for experiences, events and interactions with people, places and things within New Zealand.

Natural sciences Essay

Knowledge involves acquaintance with truth, principles or facts as with a certain subject or a branch of learning. People have various perceptive of knowledge. There are those who belief that knowledge is found in many forms which must be proven with evidence. It is possible to doubt everything that exist because it is a misconception or it may be seen as an illusion. Doubt is important in knowledge because learning through from the senses or through the senses can be deceptive. For example, senses can deceive because one may smell something sweet and senses deceive that it is going to have sweet taste. However, this is wrong because not everything that smells sweet taste sweet. Dreams are also deceptive as they are just false delusions because occasionally when one is asleep one is deceived by the illusions in dreams. These are just ways that knowledge through the senses can deceive. Therefore, it becomes necessary to doubt everything so that one can get the true knowledge. So as the proverb hold doubt is key to knowledge. Knowledge creates doubt and doubt pave way for gaining more knowledge. If its is not for doubt then there would be no knowledge or the knowledge that would be available would be one that is not complete knowledge (Urdahl, pg 27-29). In natural sciences, scientists have a lot of experience with doubt and uncertainty. This is experience that is very necessary in gaining knowledge in natural sciences. When one does not know the answer to a problem then this can be termed as ignorance. Then one has a hunch as to what the results are, for example, of an experiment, then it means that one has uncertainty. When one is darned sure of what the result would be then it means that one has some doubt. Therefore, it is paramount important that in order to have progress it is important to recognize the ignorance we have in natural sciences and leave room for doubt. This is because scientific knowledge is a body of statements, which have varying degrees of certainty. The degrees vary from being unsure, nearly sure and none absolutely certain. Doubt is a good thing in natural science because if one knows the answer or thinks that one knows the answer then it becomes easy to fail to seek more knowledge about that particular subject. Doubt helps to come out of that emotional attachment that people have in certain beliefs or from the theory of determinism. Example of areas where doubt has assisted in gaining and verifying knowledge is in the assumptions in relativity that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal. In order to show that they are not the model has to be revised. Scientists have engaged in refining their ability to measure the two. It is the doubt that has developed in this area that has made the scientist revise this model until they have realized that inertial mass and gravitational mass are different at finer degrees. Therefore, they doubt has made it known that the two are not equivalent as has been held in the past. In this case, it is not that the same experiment is repeated but the real key to this is to look at the statements and test if they have been examined to the extent that they should. Doubt allow the use of new tools in scientific experiments which allow new discoveries which do away with the old ideas or theories. Science in this case becomes a process of doubt. Natural scientists are always nor sure and this is the reason as to why they repeat the steps in experiments in order to make sure that it is right. Another area where doubt has necessitated growth of knowledge is in the evolution theory. At the beginning people had strong belief that creation theory was the one that provided call the knowledge about the evolution of human being. However, as knowledge grew people started to doubt some aspects of the evolution theory and developed other theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution. This is a theory which resulted out f the doubts about some of the aspects of the former theory. This is not the end theory because doubts in some aspects of the evolutions theory have also led to development of some other theories (Axtell pg 87-88). Doubt has also contributed to increased knowledge in other areas, for example, in social science and history. There are two areas that information collected or knowledge gained depends on research or theories which were constructed in the past by various scholars. However it becomes tricky to use such kind of theories to their full because history and social sciences are dynamic. For example, the society change as time moves. Therefore, this is also in the same way that the theories are supposed to change. For example, if theories that were constructed in the fourteenth century are used in the twenty first century then there is no doubt that the theory would contain a lot of faults because of the changes that have occurred in the society. People have developed in their way of reasoning as in these days there are more sources of information than in the past. Reason is one part of gaining knowledge that enhances the development of doubt. This is because it is after deductive reasoning that a person is able to develop hypothesis that proves some knowledge as relevant or irrelevant (Gotschl, pg179-180). Historians do their research and base most of their research on the researches that were conducted in the past. The information in the research where they base their research would be biased or exaggerated. This is what cause doubt and enhance new research to be conducted regarding some issues. Despite the fact that some people are emotionally attached to some believes doubt has made them to relent some of their believes. For example, different ethnic groups have their own myths about where they originated or who is their god or where their god lived. In traditional society people had strong emotional attachment to these beliefs (Chang pg 581). However, as time has passed people have developed doubt about these believes to develop other believes. This is because most of the beliefs in the traditions are not well reasoned and are also biased to particular ethnic people. People have developed other believes that are more inclusive of other ethnic groups all over the world. This has risen out of the doubt that people have some of the things that happened in the past (Lamm Norman pg 11-12). Despite that knowledge plays a key role in knowledge I think that knowledge or truth is a fixed situation because truth is not questionable. So if true knowledge is out there to be discovered or to be learned then it means that when we know or acquire knowledge then there should be no room for doubt. I also think that knowledge depends mostly on human perception. Natural sciences have more upper hands in investigating the truth. However these sciences are still subjected tout human brains. Curiosity is also key to knowledge rather than doubt. Human beings are always curious to know more about their nature. The curiosity allows them to make discoveries and also strive to find the truth. Looking critically at the discoveries that have been made in the past it is out of curiosity that this has happened. This curiosity leads to knowledge, which then leads to wisdom. Doubts make us to know hat our knowledge is correct instead on believing in something blindly. However I do not feel that doubt makes us to make any discovery or learn anything that is new to us. It is curiosity that allows us to acquire new knowledge more quickly. Work cited Axtell Guy. Knowledge, belief, and character: readings in virtue epistemology, 1st edition, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. Chang Larry. Wisdom for the Soul: Five Millennia of Prescriptions for Spiritual Healing, Gnosophia Publishers, 2006. Gotschl Johann. Erwin Schrodinger’s world view: the dynamics of knowledge and reality Vol 16, New York, Springer, 1992. Lamm Norman. Faith and doubt: studies in traditional Jewish thought, 3rd edition, KTAV Publishing House, Inc. , 2007. Urdahl Halvor. Key of Knowledge, New York, Kessinger Publishing, 1998.

Spike Lee essays

Spike Lee essays The weather is sizzling hot and tensions are slowly coming to a boil in this Bedford-Stuyvesant Brooklyn neighborhood. Slowly but surely we see the heat melt away the barriers that were keeping anger from rising to the surface. The Blacks and the Hispanics own the streets the Koreans own the corner store and of course the Italians own the pizzeria, the Cops who happen to be all Caucasian, prowl the streets inside out, looking for anyone to harass. Toes are then stepped on and apologies are not made. Spike Lee creates the perfect set-up for a modern day in Bed-Stuyvesant. Without fail Spike Lee is transformed into an anthropologist. Spike Lees goal is to allow viewers to glimpse into the lives of real people and into a neighborhood they call home. After all this isnt just some flight into an imaginary ghetto. Its a journey into real life, real people and of course real circumstances. In the words of the local DJ Mr. Se Waaaaake up!" and see what real life is really about. Our main character is Mooky, a black teenager, who works in Sals famous pizzeria. Mooky is the pizza parlor delivery boy and he is the only one of his friends to have a job. Sal and his two sons run the pizzeria. Sal is one of the very few white Italian business owners remaining in this predominately black neighborhood. Despite obvious tensions, Sal holds his ground in the neighborhood and remains proud of the fact that these people, meaning the kids of Bed-Stuy, have grown up on his pizza. Along the way we meet other characters such as Radio Raheem who is a neighborhood kid who walks the street with an oversize radio and decorates his fingers with the symbolic love and hate rings. Smile, a mentally disabled individual who runs around the streets selling the one existing photograph of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. Then there is Mookys Puerto Rican girlfriend, who ...

Basic Hydraulic Systems

Basic Hydraulic Systems Every hydraulic system has a minimum number of basic components regardless of its design and function. The fundamental components of the hydraulic system include pump, reservoir, directional valve, check valve, pressure relieve valve, selector valve, actuator, and filter. An open center system has fluid flowing, with any pressure in the system when the actuating mechanisms are idle. The pump disperses the fluid from the reservoir through the selector valves and return to the reservoir. The open center system may engage a several subsystems, with a selector valve for every subsystem. The selector valve of the open center system is connected in series with each other. In this arrangement, the system pressure line will go through each selector valve. The fluid is allowed free passage through the selector valve and return to the reservoir until one of the selector valves is ready to operate a mechanism. When one of the selector valves is set to operate an actuating device, fluid is flowing from the pump through one of the working line to the actuator. When the selector valve is set in this position, the fluid flow to the reservoir is blocked. The system overcome the resistance by using the pressure build up in it and move the piston of the actuation cylinder, fluid from the opposite end of the actuator will returns to the selector valve and return to the reservoir. The operation of the system after actuation of the component will depends on the type of the selector valve that has been used. Many types of selector are used together with the open center system. One of the types is both manually engaged and manually disengaged. The valve is manually moved to an operating position. Then, the actuating mechanism reaches the end of the operating cycle, and the output of the pump continue until the pressure is relieves by the system relief valve. The relief valve dismount and allows the fl uid to return to the reservoir. The system pressure remains at the relief valve set pressure until the selector valve is returned manually to the neutral position. It reopens the open center flow and let the system pressure to drop to line resistance pressure.

Economies, Markets and Strategic Decisions Research Paper

Economies, Markets and Strategic Decisions - Research Paper Example However, growth in these vital sectors has improved the GDP rate in the country and provided more job opportunities for Qatar citizens due to the progressive social programmes provided by the national government. As a result of the influx of foreign investors and rising labour productivity, the country has witnessed a 20 percent increase in domestic credit availability, including private the business credit (SESD 2004). Macroeconomic performance in terms of establishing a diversified economic portfolio and rising consumer income levels have provided the country an opportunity to expand its knowledge and educational bases to include multiple industries and specialized production capabilities. Qatar has had a steady trade relationship with Canada since the mid 2000s, with this particular country exporting $1.3 billion worth of goods to this nation (Spence 2005). However, since Qatar has only recently expanded its macro-level objectives outside of hydrocarbons, there are still ample opportunities for telecom exports, information technology, agri-foods, education, health, construction and financial services (Spence). These are not currently well-developed, self-sustaining systems in Qatar that rely on foreign imports as well as foreign expertise. Thus, in terms of the importation needs in Qatar, there are ample opportunities in multiple sectors. In terms of Qatar’s exportation performance, it is rising steadily and has been since 2007. Qatar has achieved one of the highest GDP performance ratios in relation to account surplus that moved from 3.8 billion USD in 2002 to 17 billion USD in 2010 (EIU Viewswire 2010). There has been rising import spending due to the diversification strategies related to production, industrial knowledge, and overall gross domestic product. Some of these new international trade agreements have been the by-product of strengthening relationships in trade

Movie on Social Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie on Social Network - Essay Example Facebook is one of the most leading social networking websites. According to a survey it has more than 800 million active members. But the Facebook did not come from thin air like that. In fact the idea evolved from Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook. On October 2003, Mark Zuckerberg while attending Harvard as an undergraduate made this site in which pictures of girls from the nine houses, placing two next to each other were compared as hot or not. However, authorities took notice and Mark was charged for violating rules and breaching security. But this incident gave Mark his first recognition. Though initially promising his expert programming skills in making a social network HarvadConnections.com to his seniors, Mark changed his mind. And with the help of his friends especially Eduardo Saverin , who was the co founder and did the initial investment, launched â€Å"The FACEBOOK†. During the course time Mark met the entrepreneur Sean Parker, who advised him on various matters. And in summer 2004, base of operations was shifted to California Investors like Peter Theil from PayPal invested in and THE FACEBOOK became FACEBOOK. By that time it had over 300,000 members, 160 schools including 5 in Europe. Various features like relationship status, nonstop server, tagging pictures and the â€Å"wall† were introduced. At this time shares were allotted, Mark 51%, Eduardo 34.4%, and Sean7 % and so on. Later Eduardo 34.4%, were diluted to0 .03% and was thrown out of the company as more companies were coming in, and Sean became the President of the company (Fincher, 2010). Celebrating their millionth member party Sean was caught by the cops on using drugs. At that point, the seniors from Harvard had filed a case in the federal court against the facebook, and claimed that it was initially their idea. Eventually, they received settlement money and signed a non

Political Science Questions and Answers Assignment

Political Science Questions and Answers - Assignment Example Using the concepts of competition and socialization to anchor your analysis, explain what Waltz means when he writes that a structure â€Å"may designate a compensating device that works to produce a uniformity of outcomes despite the variety of inputs.† The implication by Waltz is that structure within the global system always focuses on maintaining their outcomes within constricted margins no matter the inputs to them. This is possible due to socialization factors and competition. Socialization results from differences in societies that arise from informal and impulsive techniques applied in the definition of conduct norms. Consequently, the resulting norms control the group members and this discharges diversity and heartens homogeneity. Conversely, competition defines organization where the outcomes facilitate the selection of behavior, where the least successful conducts leave the global system and the triumphant institutes set the pace imitated by others. Q.3. what are th e core assumptions of realism, according to Gilpin? How and WHY do Mearshimer’s assumptions differ? Guzzini reveals Gilpin’s five assumptions: the global system is stable provided no nations attempt changing it; states challenge the system where the benefits arising outdo the expenses incurred; nations seek to system change through economic, politica, and territorial growth up to the point of equilibrium or excess on marginal costs of continued change compared to marginal benefits; the attainment of equilibrium between benefits and costs resulting from additional change and growth causes faster increment in econiomic cost to sustain the status compared to the financial ability to support th status; and failure to resolve unequity causes system changes settles for a novel equity reflection .While Gilpin’s assumptions focus on the system systematic, and interaction changes within the global system, Mearshimer’s assumptions focus on factors contributing to the endless competition for security amongst nations. Additionally, Mearsheimer argues that given that power ful states operate anarchic environment, they feat and distrust each other leaving each to worry about the objectives of the other on security. Q4. Compare how Lebow and Waltz explain the nature of order and its relevance to the behavior of states on the world stage

Sri Lankan fashion designers

Sri Lankan fashion designers 2.1 Sri Lankan amateur fashion designers don’t have a proper platform to showcase their talents. Though many Sri Lankan designers have got lot of talent in this industry, only a very few people are recognized by the society as professional fashion designers. This is mainly due to the unavailability of a platform for amateur fashion designers to showcase their talents. Most of the amateur fashion designers are still trying to thrive in this rapidly changing market while facing many problems. 2.2 Sri Lankan amateur fashion designers don’t have a proper platform that gives the authority to sell their designs. So far most of the amateur fashion designers have collections of their own designs that they’re unable to launch. This is mainly due to the unavailability of a proper platform. Furthermore, the other problem that they face is they don’t get a proper value to their designs even if they somehow manage to launch their designs to the public. This problem can be solved if there was a platform where they can exhibit their designs and sell those. 2.3 Amateur fashion designers in Sri Lanka have less awareness about the industry. Most of the amateur fashion designers in Sri Lanka don’t receive a proper education about the industry. Although they have the talent, creativity and innovativeness their designing is not up to standards because the knowledge they have about the industry is poor. A proper platform, which would allow them to read and self-study about the trends and the industry, will help them develop their creativity. It will help them to create their own standards and as a whole it will aid in flourishing Sri Lankan fashion industry, 2.4 Amateur fashion designers may not have enough resources or a capital to manufacture their designs (Financial problems) Even thou these fashion designers got new innovative designs they don’t have a proper way to manufacture these designs due to financial problems or they couldn’t find a manufacturer to manufacture. But if they have a platform where they can contact with entrepreneurs and manufactures, they can manufacture there designs and will have a chance to sell them to the public. 2.5 Amateur fashion designers in Sri Lanka are having lack of knowledge about fashion designing. Most of the amateur fashion designers don’t have good background knowledge about fashion designing techniques. They are good at drowning but it’s not quite enough for a standard fashion design. This is a huge impact to the fashion industry because the designs which these amateurs come up with are not up to the standard. 2.6 Low knowledge transfer between Professional fashion designers and amateur fashion designers. Undoubtedly, there are talented professional designers in Sri Lanka with years of experience. Lack of a proper platform causes them to hold their knowledge to themselves without sharing. Such platform will help in developing the fashion designers knowledge on fashion and designing and will also help to give an idea to the society about fashion. 2.7 There is no proper platform that people who like fashion designing can share their ideas or information with others. ( International opportunities are not communicated properly ) It is seen now that the more and more Sri Lankan fashion is connecting with the international events that happen. The British council and the AOD (Academy of Design) in Sri Lanka are in the mission of taking the Sri Lankan fashion industry to a global scale.(Mendis, 2011) But the opportunity is limited to a certain number of people who will get to know about the news, certainly the students at AOD. The events that are targeted in global scale needs to be communicated to the whole country and there is no common place to share the news about such events. Thus, the international opportunities are missed by lot of talented people. When it comes to sponsors or the people who are interested in fashion, mostly they are not updated about the latest trends. Therefore they have less idea on what type of designs they should invest on. This is mainly due to the lack of knowledge and knowledge transfers. Being the single largest industry in the country, Theapparel industryof Sri Lanka employs about 15% of the countrys workforce, accounting for about half of the countrys total exports, and Sri Lanka is among the topapparel-producing countries in the world relative to its population Sri Lanka Design Festival 2009 – A huge boost for countrys apparel industry.Daily Mirror. 19 November 2009. No value to the designs ‘The fashion design industry in Sri Lanka was almost non-existent about three years ago whereas today the local stores are earning around US Dollar 10 million annually. The local retailers of the local fashion labels have the potential to reach US Dollar 500 million in the next few years’ [1]. Fashion has taken on a new element in the local market with a number of Sri Lankan designers aspiring to become big names in the business of fashion with potential of turnovers topping US$500 million. The local retailers of the local fashion labels have the potential to touch US$500 million in the next two years, Ajai V. Singh, founder of the Colombo Fashion Week, told the Business Times. Drucker (2000) cited in [4] proclaims entrepreneurship as comprising of five parameters: creating new markets, delivering value to customer, providing something new, changing customer value, and process innovation. In the same vein, entrepreneur has been identified as ‘an individual responsible for the process of creating new value’ (an innovation and/or a new organisation) [5]. Designs can be made in one day but giving them a proper value is not as easy as such, getting a proper value to a design is one of the most important thing that needs but yet amateur fashion designers fails at this. Being the newbie to the market amateur fashion designers have to compare their designs with the professional designers, cause of this the value of the design is decreases. Because of this the market value of the product all so decreases. When these designs came into actual products the value of the product get decrease case of having no proper value to the design. Couldn’t manufacturer and sell them http://smallbusiness.chron.com/sell-fashion-idea-13207.html http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/06/break-into-fashion-industry.html Due to the cyclical nature of the industry, typically when assistance is needed, out-sourcing operations (e.g. pattern making or machining) is the preferred option with most designers having dedicated contractors who work for them during particular phases in the production cycle [8]. No market for products http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/219578 Fashion is a blooming market in Sri Lanka, everyone tries to get in to this market with some sort of a product. Most of them are not willing to stay long, they just need to sell whatever they got and quit. Because of this the market is huge. Everyone sells their products at a cheap rate without even considering the actual market price of their products. Because of this the market is scrambled and when it comes to an amateur fashion designer who plans to stay here for a long and to get a proper brand name to their products comes up with an huge problem, cause the market doesn’t needs a proper brand or a proper value to their products cause of these short time market sellers. Hard to find manufacturers cause these people are not the big order manufacturers http://searchingforstyle.com/2012/10/fashion-101-how-to-find-a-manufacturer/ Believe it or not finding a good manufacturer is probably the second biggest challenge whenstartinga fashion company, second only to successfully wholesaling your product. I know of many, many production nightmares, and now I am adamant that a good, reliable manufacturer is essential to start a fashion company. Basically, you can’t really start selling, or even promoting your company without solid manufacturing, unless you plan on making the production runs yourself. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, thesamplesyou show to buyers must be close to identical to the ones you will be delivering when they place an order. If you are making delicate bias-cut chiffon dresses, you need to make sure that you can find a factory who will be able to make them as nicely as you can make them in your studio. Secondly, you cannot cost a garmentwithoutknowing how much it will cost in production. I have tried to do this before (with another company), it was a disaster. You usually can’t guess how much it will cost in production, and you must have accurate production prices to properly calculate your wholesale or retail prices. Advisers is vital but not here Reference [19] defines creativity as ‘divergent thinking to conceive new ideas’. Creativity is frequently a defining feature of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship research has produced increasing evidence that personal and professional networks are crucial in both founding and nurturing new ventures. Hence entrepreneurs who can rely on broad and diverse networks tend to be more successful [4], [6], [21]. networks and relationships as core to the concept of social capital [14]. The dominant assumption of the strategy-oriented literature is that success is primarily dependent upon the entrepreneur’s ability to develop and execute effective strategies [22]. On the one hand, fashion design is typically portrayed as ‘tied to the individual and his or her creativity’. On the other hand, ‘circumstances that allow design to occur within a commercial context are predominantly social’ [8]. With the industry now blooming in the wake of a number of students passing out as designers with capabilities of competing even on a global scale, a new industry has awoken. The fashion design industry in Sri Lanka was almost non-existent about three years ago whereas today these stores are earning around US$10 million annually. Knowledge transfer is one of the vital aspects of perfecting an industry. Even to develop fashion industry they need to share their knowledge between each other. Not everyone has a degree on fashion designing. Few of them have degrees related to fashion designing while many others design their designs for the instints of them or for fun and because of their designing talent. And also there are only few institutes which offer fashion designing degrees and not everyone is wealthy enough to have such a degree. No platform where everything in one place. Share the knowledge they gathered with each other

Whats behind the trend? :: essays research papers

WHAT'S BEHIND THE ESCALATING TREND? AS we head into the new millennium, marrying mitt dating across cultural lines seem to be increasing at record rates. Almost anywhere you go these days, you will encounter mixed-race couples: at the grocery store, the mall, the theater, at a company function, at: a concert, even at church. And while for years the Black man-White woman couple was more prevalent, today many social observers say that the pairing of Black women and White men is just as common. That certainly seems to be the case in cities such as St. Paul-Minneapolis, where interracial couples long have thrived. But the social trend also is quite evident in other large cities such as Chicago and New York, Atlanta and Detroit, where there is a noticeable and striking increase in the number of mixed-race couples, especially Black women with White mates. In movies, on television and even on Broadway, the theme of interracial love has become en vogue. Wesley Snipes has starred in a number of movies in which his love interest was not Black: jungle Fever, One Night Stand and U.S. Marshal. The popular sitcom Ally McBeal has the lead character bemoaning a lost love, a Black doctor. Last year, Whitney Houston's production of Cinderella starred Brandy in the title role but the prince was not Black. And a new Broadway musical, Marie Christine, revolves around a relationship in the 1800s between a Black woman (Audra McDonald) and a White sea captain. "Interracial couples are more noticeable and prominent than ever," says a Midwest-based author who has observed the changes in social trends for some 40 years. "But the recent numbers of Black women being escorted by White men is, well, startling, to say the least." According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 1997 there were 311,000 interracial (Black-White) married couples, more than six times as many as in 1960. Of those, 201,000 were comprised of a Black husband and White wife, while there were 110,000 couples in which the husband was White and the wife Black. Some estimate that today 10 percent of married Black men have mates of another race. Some social observers say that the increase in cross-cultural relationships is tied directly to the breakdown of school and residential segregation and the 1967 overthrow of the last laws. That year the U.S. Supreme Court unconstitutional laws barring racial intermarriage in states. A mixed couple in Virginia had challenged the state's 1924 antimiscegenation statute in response to their being forced by local law officials to live apart, to jail or leave the state.

Comments on “Cold Cuts” from Truman Capote’s novel ‘In Cold Blood’ Essay

Before commenting on the quotations from the novel I have to clarify that ‘In Cold Blood’ is a fiction based on a true story. This means that the book has several documentary elements and others are fictionals. Capote had to use tools of writing a report, and of traditional fiction as well. As a result, sometimes it is diifficult to separate the realistic parts from the nonrealistic ones, even because of knowing the writer’s long investigation about the murder and its background. Telling the custom of hunters might be a true story but the other half of the quotation is fiction, I guess. By the time of writing the novel Mr. Clutter has been dead, so Capote couldn’t quote from him. But there is a need for the sentence given into his mouth, because by this (â€Å"I’m not as poor as I look†) the readre sees his figure as a very kind, nice, generous person. So, after the murder we feel sorry for him, and it’s easier to understand why the villagers were so shocked because of his death. I’m not sure whether this part is ture or only created by Capote but I think it’s main role is to show Dick’s strangeness and insensitiveness. To kill an innocent dog for no reason (I don’t think that there would every be any reason to kill someone†¦ ) is a metaphor of the also innocent Clutter family. I think that this story might be real because after reading the book the readre feels fear from Dick, he is so evil. But on the other hand the writer forms our opinion about the characters in his novel, as wee see them the way Capote describes them. This quotation is so formal, so distanced, that it sounds a report from the news. I think that this is real and the writer’s aim was to make the novel much realistic. This part is real again because it only gives facts about the murderers. With the help of this we read the novel as a true story. It’s well-known from rhetorics that facts are unquestionable, so they are true. This quotations is a good example of mixing realistic and fictional elements, I think. The garden might have been â€Å"white with sea-fog†, but Mrs. Johnson can only recall what did she really think when she closed the door. I think the writer here used the literary tool of projecting a character’s inner feelings onto the environment, or nature. That might also be ture in the case of the second sentence about the murderers who look like in this picture as two escaping animals. Mentioning Perry’s shorter leg is again used to show that the writer felt sorry for him. In this case the type of the car can be true and even the act of stealing but on the other hand it’s not mentioned in this sentence, only the reader knows the next steps. In my opinion only the writer found out the contex of stealing the Chevrolet (so lighting the cigarette) and mentioning only this but not the act itself. In this description it’s more interesting. Showing Perry’s thoughts before being captured is again a mixture of reality and fiction. As Capote met him on the interviews and in the jail, not during the big travel, he could only collect recalled information which is usually a bit different from reality. I’m not sure whether Perry had really thought that, so I think that the writer here projected on Perry what the villagers or the detectives thought, or wanted to believe in. The perspective is retrospective in this sentence whereas the writer puts them in a present situation. This confession-like sentence from Perry might be true bt on the other hand I think again that the write used this to create Perry’s figure likeable, but on the other hand not saying that he is innocent. I think this uotation might be partly true but I’m not sure that this is what Perry exactly said.

Kodak Essay

Foreword During 2011, Kodak was under intense pressure to survive in the digital imaging business. As professor Burley describes, ‘Kodak was caught in a perfect storm of not only technological, but also social and economic change’ (Neate, 2012). As of Thursday 19 January 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection (Neate, 2012) and has until 2013 to reshape its business and exit out of the bankruptcy plan (Business Spectator, 2012). Introduction Eastman Kodak (Kodak) was once a leader (Finnerty, 2000) and legendary brand in the photographic film industry (Associated Press, 2011b). It used the catchy slogan â€Å"You press the button, we do the rest† (Kodak, 2011) to successfully market its digital camera products. It employed as many as 145,300 people and sales as high as $16 billion when it monopolized the US photography industry and became number one in the industry in 1988 (Dobbin, 2011). Recently, Kodak lost 90 percent of its market value (Weiss, 2011) and is facing the threat of extinction (Associated Press, 2011b). In this case study, we propose and defend a recommended strategic direction for the company to implement in the next three to five years based on a balanced assessment of the company’s options. We first conduct a detailed analysis of Kodak’s internal and external environments to understand the opportunities and threats facing the company. Analysis Kodak has tried to transform itself from an aged old film technology business into a fast and digital cultured business but has failed as a result of decline in sales in the United States (Deutsch, 2004). It is still trying to play catch-up with rivals (Associated Press, 2011b) such as Canon, Sony and HP for the past 15 years. Its current products and services span across digital cameras, inkjet printers, sensors, retail kiosks, workflow and business process services and software through to consumer, professional photographic film, paper processing chemicals and industrial materials such  as films for printed circuit boards (Kodak, 2010). Through the help of drug and discounts stores, Kodak was able to add self-service kiosks to encourage people to print their own digital photos (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak formed strategic joint ventures with companies like Sanofi, AOL online (Grant, 2005), and most recently in 2007 Cinelabs (Beijing) Ltd (Kodak, 2007). It has tried to acquire several s maller successful companies such as Ofoto and Practice works to fill in the missing pieces of technology and markets that it did not have capabilities in (Deutsch, 2004). Strengths Kodak has several strengths to distinguish itself from rivals. Kodak has superior brand recognition (Aaker, 1992; Deutsch, 2004; Grant, 2005) as compared to rival brands such as Agfa based on US consumer reports (Simonson et al., 1994). Its brand was supported by its massive worldwide distribution presence through retail photography stores, film processors and professional photographers which provided Kodak with the competitive advantage (Grant, 2005). Kodak leads in the higher-end photo quality camera segment (Smith, 1999) where it launched its major innovations in imaging (Grant, 2005). Traditionally, Kodak has strengths in photofinishing services and consumables such as paper, ink and chemical technology (Grant, 2005). This is derived from a rich portfolio of 11,000 patents (Associated Press, 2011b) derived from a strong R&D investment during the early 1980s (Grant, 2005). Kodak was financially secure with cash flows flowing from its existing photography business during the early 1990s (Grant, 2005). Weaknesses On the other hand, Kodak has weaknesses. Kodak avoided taking risks, they were not innovative enough and relied on existing procedures and policies to maintain standards (Gavetti et al., 2005). They were slow to bring new products to market (Grant, 2005). Its retail network of stores was a depreciating asset due to the increase use of home computers, email and print technologies (Grant, 2005). Kodak focused too heavily on the extremely competitive entry-level market and failed to develop innovative products fast enough (Grant, 2005). Its product development and sales departments were fragmented and scattered over many divisions (Gavetti et al., 2005). Subsequently, Kodak’s middle managers were resistant to change and did not understand the digital world (Gavetti et al., 2005; Lucus & Goh, 2009).  Kodak managers ignored analysis work based on information gained from Kodak’s eroding market share (Gavetti et al., 2005). Kodak managers lacked vision and strategy (Gavetti et al., 2005). Opportunities A few opportunities exist for Kodak. It can build consumer trust in digital that Kodak already has in film (Smith, 1999). Kodak could focus on its core business and develop new technologies (Gavetti et al., 2005) and new products (Deutsch, 2004). Threats However, Kodak will suffer long term threats to its core franchise in the film business if it does not extend its brand name to digital (Smith, 1999). IBISWorld forecasts the demand for physical photographs would fall due to improvements in digital technology (IBISWorld, 2011). Kodak has been in battles with other competitors such as Sony over patent infringements (Deutsch, 2004; Associated Press, 2011a). It has been struggling with a price war between strong competitors such as Fuji Photo Film (Smith, 1999) in the photographic film industry. Industry analysis – Porter’s five forces Threat of Entry An analysis of the industry using Porter’s five forces shows that threat of new entry is moderate. Significant investment in capital would be required to enter a new industry (Select Knowledge, 2001) such as the digital imaging and photography industry. Printing equipment such as hardware, software, photographic paper and chemicals is estimated to be 45.7% of purchases versus wages at 26.8% of revenue (IBISWorld, 2011). New entrants would lack experience and knowledge in key areas of digital imaging and photography such as technical and business knowledge (Greenwood, 2008). Buyer power The buying power of consumers is high especially for consumer electronics (Skoloda, 2009). Buyers are given a range of differentiated digital camera products from a number of companies (IBISWorld, 2010). They expect better offerings and customization of goods and services (Fraser, 2007). Supplier power Supplier power is low. A lot of the suppliers are located around the world  both locally and internationally. Kodak has several supplier contracts spanning one to three years (Kodak, 2010). However, there are single or limited sources of finished goods manufactured and purchased by the company’s third party suppliers which may pose a risk for the organization (Kodak, 2010). Unique suppliers can reduce industry profitability (McGuigan et al., 2010). Threat of substitution The threat of substitutes is high. Companies are quick to match specifications, features and pricing (Select Knowledge, 2001). There are minimal switching costs between brands or substitutes as buyers can change to new updated models based on reasonable buyer perception (Select Knowledge, 2001). Competitive rivalry Competitive rivalry is high. Kodak’s faces intense competition from rivals such as start-ups (Grant, 2005; IBISWorld, 2010; Smith, 1999;) and major competitors are Canon, Fuji Photo Film, Hewlett Packard (HP), Nikon and Sony (Gavetti et al., 2005). Similarly, Kodak is competing in similar segments with rivals – Hewlett-Packard (HP) to provide digital printing technology to consumers and commercial businesses (Weiss, 2011). Kodak (2010) states that competitive pricing and rising commodity prices has contributed to the negative results for 2010 across its prepress solutions, digital capture and devices, and entertainment imaging (Kodak, 2010). External Analysis There are several external (political and legal, economical, socio-cultural and technological) factors which impact Kodak’s business model. Political and legal  Laws and government environmental regulations have an impact to the way Kodak operates in several different countries. For example, U.S federal legislations such as the Toxic substances control act, clean air and water act etc. impact the way Kodak manufactures products and process waste for proper disposal (Kodak, 2010). In 2003, it needed to form a committee to reduce odours which descended towards nearby neighborhoods (Kodak, 2006). Economical From an economical view, the decline in prices has made it affordable for  consumers to purchase digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010). However, forecasts show that standalone digital cameras have reached a state of market saturation with little room for future growth (IBISWorld, 2010). Socio-cultural and Technological Digital cameras became an integrated and standard feature in mobile phones (IBISWorld, 2010). Increasing trends show that consumers are taking and sharing photos on mobile phones daily (Okabe, 2004). The archiving and exchange functions for photos have been facilitated by online communities and social practices (Scifo, 2009), such as Facebook (Upbin, 2011), and mobile social-media applications (Naaman et al., 2005). Intense competition between rivals is expected for new 3D camera technology on mobile phones (AFP, 2010). Strategy, approaches & implications In order for Kodak to sustain a competitive advantage, it needs to strategically transform its entire business model around to capture new and unique growth opportunities. There are several options which Kodak can explore to achieve this strategy. The options below focus on structural changes in the industry and resources (skills and capabilities) in the organisation. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) Kodak can reconstruct the organisation using business process re-engineering practices. Its current traditional photographic business is vertically integrated (Grant, 2005). The organisation can be redesigned from a vertically to a horizontally integrated organisation through process-oriented organizational restructuring, offering a more low-level flat organisational structure (Wu & Li, 2011). The result gives improved efficiency and business simplification (Wu & Li, 2011) for Kodak to compete effectively in a tough competitive environment where it needs to quickly deliver innovative products out to market. Kodak can focus on its real core competencies in film chemistry, production and processing (Garrett, 2010), so that it can create new markets, products and services. BPR gives obvious benefits such as the reduction in complex bureaucracy in the organisation (Wu & Li, 2011). However, as cited by Greenberg (2002), there are limitations in BPR such as resistance to change, lack of ma nagement support etc. (Schniederjans & Kim, 2003). Rebranding Other opportunities exists for Kodak, it can change its name from Eastman Kodak Company to say Kodak Communication (Deutsch, 2004), or as Hopelain suggests, it will need to establish a separate Kodak Technology brand (Deutsch, 2004). An organisation’s strategy and operations will be potentially impacted by the scope of corporate rebranding (Burke et al., 2011). Stakeholder commitment needs to be achieved for the revised brand to be successful (Burke et al., 2011). It will involve staff in planning for proposed changes and training employees for changes (Burke et al., 2011). Any rebrand will impact the value of the brand (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Rebranding will involve a lot of communication and stakeholder involvement (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Poor corporate rebranding can be a high risk (Davis & Baldwin, 2006) for the organisation where core values may not integrate well into the new brand (Burke et al., 2011). Leadership and organisational learning Kodak will need to train staff, especially managers in weak areas on vision and strategy (Gavetti et al., 2005). For example, managers can be taught ‘design methods’, to generate growth, evolve, and react as the marketplace (Rahim & Rahim, 2009) and user needs changes so that the business model can evolve to bypass extinction (Fraser, 2007). Similarly, Apple evolved with the user to new opportunities, it did not live to the constraints of its current business model (Fraser, 2007). Subsequently, Kodak will need to discontinue some of its products, especially in saturated markets such as digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010) where profit margins are low (Pride & Ferrell, 2007) and competition is fierce. It can better utilise its resources and real core competencies (Garrett, 2010) to make it difficult to imitate its products (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990) and demonstrate leadership. However, leaders would need to be able to influence teams indirectly through climate and culture in t he organisation (Kaiser et al., 2008). Technology enabled transformations will affect the importance of organisational culture (Lucus & Goh, 2009) where hierarchy and standards provides resistance to disruptive technologies (Lucus & Goh, 2009). Joint ventures and outsourcing Kodak can form joint ventures with other companies. It can create new emerging industries or new value propositions, alliances and collaboration – to be form by complementing and adding to its capabilities and resources (Camillus, 2000). It can capitalise heavily on its existing patent portfolio (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak will need to outsource a lot more of its manufacturing (Deutsch, 2004), while part-time and casual staff can lead to the reduction of labour costs (IBISWorld, 2011). Extreme care needs to be taken where processes of high strategic importance should not be outsourced (Sounderpandian & Sinha, 2007). The result will allow Kodak, to develop new competencies for future developments and sustain the importance of long-term success (Utterback, 1995). Recommendation To sustain competitive advantage, Kodak needs to strategically transform its entire business model around to capture new and unique growth opportunities. It is recommended that Kodak, take the BPR and organisational learning approach, to improve efficiency and simplify the organisation; leadership to communicate and influence vision and change (Bolman & Deal, 2008); to capture new business models and better match user needs and economic value (Fraser, 2007). Larsen & Leinsdorff (1998) research suggests that BPR and organisational learning work well together (Larsen & Leinsdorff, 1998). Though, developing a coherent strategy is not going to be easy for a digital imaging business (Grant, 2005) like Kodak. It will be Kodak’s last chance to ‘reinvigorate their human capital to get ahead of the curve’ (Fraser, 2007, p.67).